This semester I have had the pleasure of teaching Democratic Theory to undergraduates. I designed the course myself from scratch and it has been one of the best education experiences of my life. I won the student lottery in getting a great group of 50 who make the time teaching very enjoyable. I like teaching this subject because I know a lot about it and because it is so important to reemphasize basic principles of democracy after eight years of the Bush administration. These themes include freedom of conscience, pluralism, equal treatment under the law, and necessity of separating religion from governance; themes largely ignored by Bush and his masters. I try not to use the same example too often when I teach but sometimes I cannot help it. Examples about legal struggles affecting GLBTQ people are not only observable in real time; they touch on multiple themes at the same time.
It is easy to provide an example of freedom of conscience or pluralism using legal discrimination against people because of their sexual orientation. It is easy to use these examples as basic demonstrations of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. But I have to be careful to provide examples of these concepts without using my classroom as a platform for partisan activism. I really do seek an intellectual, constitutional argument against equal rights for gay people. Although this is a popular topic among news and politics blogs, most of the opposition’s rhetoric reads like this gem from GoodAsYou:
Stating the obvious, even the most respectable anti-gay interest groups do not have graduates of well-ranked universities or law schools on their staffs. They just cannot be found. AFTAH’s “legal expert” on gay issues, Matt Barber, is really a former over-the-phone insurance salesman who was fired after he used the company’s name and logo in an online screed against gay people that he wrote while technically on the clock. Then he claimed he was fired for his religious beliefs. But some groups at least try to sound intellectual and lay out their case. There are people that have technically passed the California bar exam going before their state’s supreme court regarding Proposition 8, even if those attorneys graduated from bottom tier, barely accredited law schools like Regents, founded by Pat Robertson specifically to train law students in the art of inane religious arguments for civil law.
Finding no value in the “Adam and Steve” reasoning demonstrated in the example above I actively seek out an intellectual argument against gay rights. I am beginning to have more hope in finding the Holy Grail with wine still in it. One person that at least tries to sound legitimate is Peter LaBarbera, a strident anti-gay activist who runs a website designed solely to highlight and perpetuate negative stereotypes of gay people. Unlike many religio-political leaders who focus on several hot button issues, Peter devotes his entire career to anti-gay activism and a downright creepy fixation with the fringes of the culture including an annual “undercover” sojourn to a leather bondage enthusiasts convention and odd, breathless descriptions of pornography the average web browser cannot even find. Once he posted about googling the words gay, porn, and military and describing what he found. These offerings by Peter I have no interest in reading.
Excluding all the posts that are as inflammatory as they are masturbatory, occasionally Peter or another guest “writer” manages to belch out a half-plausible legal argument. Usually he seeks some form of correspondence with me after such postings in what I can only assume is a search for validation through conversation with someone serious. Sometimes I cannot help but indulge my vanity and his neediness by replying. Below are my answers to his questions. Honestly, my undergraduates ask better questions than this supposed expert and they came into the course already possessing a stronger grasp of legal and constitutional principles. Still, I feel I am providing an act of academic charity by donating my time to Educating Peter.
PETER: I hate to ask you to do this, but please check out lesbian Pam Spaulding’s juvenile web story on our counter-protest against a Chicago pro-homosexual “marriage” rally — and the hate-filled comments from Pam’s followers on her “Pam’s House Blend” blog. I’ve worked with hundreds if not thousands of mostly Christian pro-family and pro-life activists over the years and I cannot imagine any of them writing anything that comes even close to the nastiness of these comments. More evidence that nobody hates like the Left.
Pam must be so proud of her intelligent readers….More on this coming, with photos…
GABE: I read all of the comments on Pam's post. While they are not nice they basically make fun of your appearance, your interpretation of religion, and your fixation with gay people. But I didn't see any comments that said you should be treated differently under the law for choosing to identify as a Christian. I cannot see how you interpret those comments as hate. It's one thing to disagree with or dislike a group. It's another thing entirely to advocate legal discrimination based on identity. That, sir, is real hate.
PETER: C’mon Gabriel, you’re smarter than that. It’s all ad hominem. Personal insults, etc. That’s hateful behavior (and pretty childish, too). It’s nasty stuff – aren’t you embarrassed for them, just as I’m embarrassed when Fred Phelps gets publicity with his false “God Hates Fags” message?
? I’d encourage you to step back and take a look at your hard-core activists – what’s that liberal bumper sticker: “Mean People Suck”?
GABE: I'm not saying the comments are nice. I make a difference in terms of degree. Making fun of someone's appearance is not tantamount to advocating that they be treated differently under the law. You have made a "career" out of perpetuating negative stereotypes of GLBT people and advocating for political inequality. Those most affected have every justification to hurl insults at you, ad hominem or not.
I also draw a distinction between formal and informal advocacy. The posts on a website are formal and assumed to be edited with forethought. Comments are off-the-cuff remarks. As Jeremy posted yesterday on GoodAsYou, "christians" make just as despicable comments as anyone, even threatening violence. But nowhere on Pam's site or anyone else's have I seen anyone advocate that it should be legal for a christian to be fired from his job simply for identifying as christian. You advocate that employers should be able to fire someone just because an employee is gay. That is unequal treatment under the law and that is more demonstrably hateful than making fun of your weight.
I try in my correspondence not to stoop to comments on appearance. However, when I write things like, "Please get help," it is sincere. I really think you should sit down and talk to an actual psychologist - not a church counselor or "minister" - about your fixation with gay people.
PETER: What do you mean, “freedom of conscience” as applied to pro-gay ideology and public policy, Gabriel? –pl
GABE: Although I disagree with your understanding of homosexuality I support your right to have whatever religious or moral belief you choose. You have every right to pursue the will of God in your faith and then express what you believe to be God's will in whatever manor you choose. There is nothing intrinsically hateful about identifying behaviors your religion teaches are wrong and telling the world what your religion says. For example, a Hindu can assert vehemently that eating beef is forbidden without hating meat eaters. A Buddhist can espouse lessons against materialism without hating greedy Wall Street tycoons. So, it is completely possible to oppose homosexual behavior and not be a bigot, or not be operating from a position of hate.
However, based on an analysis of your website and similar groups I have to conclude your advocacy goes beyond opposition to a behavior. You advocate that people should be treated differently under the law because they do not share your beliefs. You advocate that people who do not share your characterization of homosexuality as simple behavior or who don't practice the faith that says those behaviors are wrong should have a different legal status than people who do. Hindus do not advocate the legal right to fire meat eaters. Buddhists do not advocate marriage licenses be denied to the wealthy. There's something more to your agenda than opposition to mere behavior.
I personally do not believe one needs to go to a priest to confess one's sins. Actually, under my understanding of God the idea that a human intercessor is necessary challenges the very essence of my faith. I do not believe that is what the Bible teaches and I oppose certain acts done by Catholics. I don't hate Catholics. I'm not an anti-Catholic bigot. I just object to certain Catholic acts based on my faith. I fully recognize Catholicism is not an immutable trait. It is a chosen identity and one chooses to live a Catholic lifestyle. I don't agree with that lifestyle and if anyone asks I'm happy to explain why based on my personal beliefs and that does not make me a bigot.
Disagreement is not hate.
However, if I were to go beyond the rejection of Catholic behaviors and advocate that it should be legal to fire someone for being Catholic that would be bigoted. If I were to say that Catholics should not be issued marriage licenses by the government because their love cannot be legitimate or their union must occur under the practices of my faith, that would be bigoted. If I were to argue in any way that someone should be treated differently under the law for identifying as Catholic I would be bigoted.
You probably don't accept the Catholic analogy so I will generalize to freedom of conscience. In a liberal democracy people are free to order their lives how they choose and to accept or reject whatever religious teachings they want. We have ontological liberty. The religious preferences of one group, no matter how numerous or powerful, are not a legitimate basis for different treatment. Gay people who are happy with being gay and want to identify as gay don't follow your religion. They probably do acts you oppose. But moral opposition to behavior alone is not a legitimate basis for unequal treatment under the law. Read the 14th Amendment, please.
Expressing beliefs about behaviors one finds wrong is not bigoted. However, using faith to support laws that penalize those not believing like you do is bigoted. The fact that you go further than just opposing behavior is indicative of some degree of malice toward those that identify as gay. A lot of people are repulsed by the thought of gay behavior but they don't devote their entire professional adult life to countering equal treatment under the law. Your political agenda and obsessive fixation, not your religious beliefs, indicates an animus toward the identity of being gay, which surpasses opposition to homosexual behavior.
PETER: [In red text for some weird reason] Every culture for 5,000 years and every religion for 5,000 years has said the definition of marriage is between one man and a woman.
GABE: If every culture defined marriage as one woman and one man for 5000 years, why did King Solomon have many wives?
PETER: Marriage was always between man and woman and yes, sometimes, unfortunately, between man and “women.” But never has marriage widely been regarded in a society as between “man and man,” or between “woman and woman.” Tell me, Gabriel, why should we start now?
GABE: Marriage in history has primarily been a religious construct. No law should seek to define marriage for any religious group. Looking at civil marriage specifically, it is a government-recognized contract. The 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution guarantees equal protection under the law. That means the government cannot grant a contract to one party it does not grant to another. Whether or not the union comports with a religious prescription does not matter. Religious institutions can continue to define marriage however they like. Churches can also refuse to marry whomever they want. Many pastors and priests refuse to marry couples that cohabitate, don’t submit to premarital counseling, or have been married before. That is their right. However, the government cannot deny a couple a marriage license because of a religious teaching. The core of your argument is that religious teachings should be a guiding criterion for civil law. It demonstrates a shocking lack of understanding of the most basic tenets of liberal democracy.
Marriage has been redefined by every culture in every time. Serfs in feudal England could not have legally recognized marriages because marriage was a way to pass property from generation to generation. Serfs had no property to inherit. Slaves in America could not have marriage licenses no matter how sincere and committed a slave couple viewed its union. For most of human history women have been considered a piece of property exchanged from the father to the husband. That is why ceremonies still ask, “Who gives this woman away.” If you do not think marriage has been continuously redefined, how much was your wife’s dowry?
Although not common, other cultures have recognized same-sex unions too. But, the comparison is moot. Wholly civil marriage with no religious component is a fairly new concept for which direct comparisons to past cultures cannot be made. Furthermore, marriage is now a combining of lives between two people rather than an exchange of property among landed gentry. Because civil marriage only includes government recognition of the combination of civil aspects of two people’s lives – tax returns, inheritance, federal benefits, next-of-kin, inheritance, etc. – like all civil laws it should be the same for all people regardless of gender or religious practice.
Excellent to see you back to writing here Gabe! I really enjoyed this particular piece, and agree completely that there is no legal justification I have been able to find for not recognizing the right of any two citizens with legal standing not to have the exact same right to enter into a contract, as any other two citizens with legal standing. (The need for legal standing is why the arguments that this will lead to a slippery slop of people marrying animals or inanimate objects is absurd. None of those things have legal standing or the ability to enter into contracts as a consenting adult).
What do you think about the idea of the government just getting out of the "marriage" business entirely? I've long thought that it would make more sense that from the Government's point of view all "marriages" should simply be civil unions, regardless of the genders of those involved, and we should simply retire the term "Marriage" from any legal meaning, leaving it as a private cultural institution. That way, no church would ever have to worry about being forced to "marry" anyone they didn't want to (not that they have to now anyway, as you point out churches refuse to marry people for all kinds of reasons all the time that the government doesn't and can't use as reasons to prevent people from being married).
All of that being said, I do think that as long as the Government/State is going to use the term Marriage, and that that term is going to have any legal meaning then it has to be open to all individuals with legal standing, regardless of sex, gender, race, or any other classification you could think of.
Posted by: Stephen | November 21, 2008 at 10:38 AM
He continued in the same spirit
http://shopping.invisionplus.net/?mforum=shopping&s=21f7f1cc7c03cbf231833a5e036bb3aa&showuser=312
Posted by: emborpono | January 20, 2010 at 06:10 AM
I would have added something of course, but essentially says almost everything.
http://www.mutedvision.net/maps//profile.php?mode=viewprofile&u=6132
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+ Lauf GP 03 = GPS L 501
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+ Lexand ST-360 series Slim
+ Lexand ST-560 series Slim
+ Lexand ST-565 series Slim
+ LG N10 / LG N10e / LG N10t
+ LG LN400
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+ LG LN600
+ LG LN700 / LN704 / LN705 / LN710 / LN715
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+ LH900N
+ Link Plus NAV 3502
+ Link Plus NAV 4302
+ Macrom Navix
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+ Manta GPS-410 & GPS-420 (menu) & GPS-430 (menu)
+ Manta 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70
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+ MaxCom NAVi - 351
+ MaxCom NAVi - 432
+ Maylong FD-220
+ Match Navi-100 (menu)
+ Micromaxx MM 95242 MDPNA150
+ Mio DigiWalker h610
+ Mio moov 200 - EU (Europe version)
+ Mio moov 200 - n177
+ Mio moov 200 - USA
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+ Phantom DVM-1733 | 1733G
+ Phantom DVM-1700 | 1700G
+ Phantom DVM-3019 | 3019G
+ Phantom DVM-3006 | 3006G
+ Phantom DVM-1331 | 1331G
+ Phantom DVM-1800 | 1800G
+ Phantom DVM-1319 | 1319G
+ Phantom DVM-6500 | 6500G
+ Phantom DVM-3500 | 3500G
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+ Phantom DVM-8500 | 8500G
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+ Pharos Drive GPS 150
+ Pharos Drive GPS 200
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+ PNi 350
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+ Pocket Navigator MW-430
+ Pocket Navigator PN-4300
+ Pocket Navigator PN-7020
+ Pocket Navigator PN-7050
+ Powerman PM-N430
+ Prestigio GEOVISION 100
+ Prestigio GEOVISION 135
+ Prestigio GEOVISION 150
+ Prestigio GEOVISION 350
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+ Starway 4.3" & Starway 47 & Starway 50 & Starway 50A
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+ Supratech ACTEA
+ Sony KW4315
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+ TELE System TS8.2BT / TELE System TS8.2PND
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+ Tenex 50s
+ TEVION p-310
+ teXet TN-500
+ teXet TN-505
+ teXet TN-510
+ teXet TN-555
+ teXet TN-600
+ ThinkNavi T7
+ Tibo A1000
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+ Tibo A1700
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+ Tibo XRoad V4100
+ Tibo XRoad V4150
+ Tibo S1000
+ Tibo S1200
+ Tibo XRoad V4150
+ TN GoWay GPS 866
+ TN GoWay GPS 869
+ TRAK gps210
+ TRAK gps425 (menu)
+ Tracer Navigator TRN-1 = Keomo, model KM_RG_PND
+ Transonic PNA-4000 (MD 95330)
+ Transonic 5000t
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Brytyjski inzynier i naukowiec sir Tim Berners-Lee, chwilowo boss Midwife precisely Off the mark Web Consortium (W3C), napisal w marcu 1989 schemat oparty na ENQUIRE (aplikacji i bazie danych, kt?ra stworzyl na wlasny uzytek w 1980). Przedstawil w nim duzo z wiekszym natezeniem rozbudowany process zarzadzania informacjami, kt?ry stal sie zalazkiem obecnej WWW. Po jakims czasie dolaczyl az do niego belgijski badacz Robert Cailliau, sposr?d kt?rym Lee wsp?lpracowal w osrodku CERN. 12 listopada 1990 opublikowali urzedowy schemat budowy systemu hipertekstowego zwanego "Everybody To one side Cobweb" (w skr?cie: WWW, wzglednie jeszcze kr?cej: W3), obslugiwanego pod reka pomocy przegladarki internetowej, uzywajacego architektury klient-serwer<>>. Uzycie hipertekstu umozliwilo dostep az do r?znego rodzaju informacji poprzez siec odnosnik?w, tzw. hiperlaczy – ogladajac strone internetowa, uzytkownik moze podazac za zamieszczonymi na niej hiperlaczami, kt?re przenosza take up do innych, udostepnionych w sieci dokument?w lub innych stron internetowych. Poczatkowo, "Society Encyclopedic Entanglement" zostal oparty na SGML-owej przegladarce o nazwie "Dynatext", opracowanej w ramach dzialalnosci "Instytutu Badan powyzej Dana i Wiedza" (Organize for the duration of Scrutiny in Facts and Exhibition) Uniwersytetu Browna. "Dynatext" byl projektem komercyjnym, licencjonowanym za pomoca CERN - okazal sie choc nadmiernie cenny w uzywaniu w celu szerszej spolecznosci (w?wczas bylo owo srodowisko fizyk?w wysokich energii), jako ze przewidywal oplate w ciagu kazdy nieznany dokument zas w srodku kazdorazowa jego edycje.
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee
System informacyjny "Superb Wide Trap" Kreator stron internetowych zaprojektowano, zeby zbierac zasoby ludzkiej wiedzy i umozliwic wsp?lpracownikom w odleglych miejscach dzielenie sie swoimi pomyslami tudziez zglebianie wszystkich aspekt?w wsp?lnego projektu. W przypadku, gdy dw?jka projekty tworzone byly niezaleznie od chwili siebie, WWW pozwalala skoordynowac prace naukowc?w, dzieki dlaczego obie prace stawaly sie jednym sp?jnym dzielem. Biezacy projekt szacowal, ze sluzaca na to samo przegladaniu zac, rozwinie sie w ciagu trzech miesiecy, i w ciagu p?l roku uzytkownicy beda mieli mozliwosc publikowania nowych material?w tudziez odnosnik?w do nich, dzieki w jakim celu approach stanie sie w pelni zbiorowy. Usluga zostala oficjalnie uruchomiona w grudniu 1990 roku.
Jako gl?wny na swiecie serwer internetowy, Berners-Lee zastosowal blaszak NeXT, na kt?rym stworzyl r?wniez pierwsza przegladarke o nazwie WorldWideWeb (zmienionej p?zniej na Nexus). Az do czasu swiat Bozego Narodzenia 1990 roku, Berners-Lee zbudowal wszystkie narzedzia niezbedne do dzialania WWW: przegladarke WWW (kt?ra sluzyla r?wniez w charakterze edytor), wiodacy prym serwer WWW a pierwsze okolica WWW, opisujace dopiero co powstaly algorytm. 6 sierpnia 1991 roku zamiescil kr?tkie podsumowanie projektu "WordWideWeb" na grupie dyskusyjnej alt.hypertext. Ta materials jest r?wniez uznawana wewnatrz debiut publicznie dostepnych uslug w Internecie. Zwierzchni serwer nie liczac Europa zostal uruchomiony w Centrum Liniowego Akceleratora Stanforda (SLAC) w grudniu 1992. Zasadnicza koncepcja hipertekstu pochodzi ze starszych projekt?w sposr?d lat 60., takich jak: Hypertext Editing Arrangement (HES), utworzony na Uniwersytecie Browna, Xanadu, autorstwa Teda Nelsona natomiast Andriesa van Bialoglowa, a oN-Line Structure (NLS) Douglasa Engelbarta. Nelson natomiast Engelbart sposr?d kolei inspirowali sie mikrokomputerem Memex, kto w 1945 r. zostal powyzszy esejem pt. "As We May Judge" Vannevara Busha.
Przelomem w projekcie bylo polaczenie hipertekstu sposr?d internetem. W swojej ksiazce pt. "Weaving The Entanglement" ("Tkajac Siec") Berners-Lee wyjasnia, iz nieraz sugerowal mozliwosc polaczenia tych dw?ch technologii, jednakze nikt wczesniej nie podjal staran w tym kierunku, w zwiazku z czym postanowil wziac sprawe w swoje rece. Na potrzeby projektu skryba opracowal structure og?lnodostepnych, unikalnych identyfikator?w zasob?w sieci: "The Infinite Verify Identifier" (UDI) kultowy p?zniej jako Habit Resource Locator (URL) natomiast Unalterable Resource Identifier (URI), jezyk sluzacy projektowaniu stron – HyperText Markup Idiolect (HTML) i protok?l przesylania dokument?w hipertekstowych Hypertext Bring Formality (HTTP).
World Deviating Spider's web posiadala nastepstwo gildia wyr?zniajacych ja sposr?d innych system?w hipertekstowych, kt?re byly w?wczas dostepne, np. uzywal jednokierunkowych zamiast dwukierunkowych odnosnik?w. Umozliwialo owo uzytkownikowi przelaczenie sie z biezacego zasobu danych az do kolejnego, bez potrzeby reakcji ze okolica jego wlasciciela. W por?wnaniu do poprzednich system?w ulatwilo to wdrazanie nowych serwer?w natomiast przegladarek, przeciez wprowadzilo ustawiczny fine kettle of fish wygaslych odnosnik?w (hiperlaczy, link?w). W odr?znieniu od momentu poprzednik?w, takich gdy np. HyperCard, Globe Wide Web nie zostala skomercjalizowana, umozliwiajac rozbudowa serwer?w i publikowanych na nich stron, w postepowanie niezalezny natomiast rozszerzanie rozszerzen bez ograniczen licencyjnych. 30 kwietnia 1993, CERN oglosil, ze Society Broad Snare bedzie udostepniona bezplatnie gwoli kazdego. W ciagu kolejnych dw?ch miesiecy, po ogloszeniu, ze protok?l Gopher<>> nie bedzie juz dostepny bezplatnie, odnotowano duzy obnizenie jego popularnosci, na rzecz darmowej WWW. Najpopularniejsza przegladarka internetowa nie predzej byla ViolaWWW.
Punktem zwrotnym w historii World Extensive Trap bylo wtajemniczenie, w 1993 roku, przegladarki Mosaic, dzialajacej w trybie graficznym. Przegladarka ta zostala opracowana przy uzyciu zesp?l "Narodowego Centrum Zastosowan Superkomputer?w" (Patriotic Center notwithstanding Supercomputing Applications) na Uniwersytecie Illinois w Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), kto prowadzony byl nie wczesniej przez Marca Andreessena. Mosaic byla finansowana za posrednictwem "Inicjatywe Wysokowydajnych Technik Obliczeniowych zas Komunikacyjnych" (High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiactive), powstalej dzieki "Ustawie o Wysokowydajnych Technikach Obliczeniowych oraz Komunikacyjnych" (Elevated Exhibition Computing and Communication Act) z 1991 roku, bedacej jednym z kilku opracowan dotyczacych rozwoju informatyki, zainicjowanych dzieki senatora Al Stab'a. Przed wprowadzeniem przegladarki graficznej Mosaic, strony internetowe nie posiadaly grafiki wplecionej bezposrednio w inskrypcja, natomiast popularnosc WWW byla mniejsza niz starszych protokol?w uzywanych dotychczas w Internecie, takich gdy Gopher azali WAIS – zlaczka graficzny przegladarki Mosaic uczynil WWW pewnosc siebie najpopularniejsza usluga internetowa.
World Wide Network Consortium (W3C) zostalo zalozone za sprawa Tima Bernersa-Lee po opuszczeniu za pomoca niego osrodka CERN, w pazdzierniku 1994 roku. Konsorcjum zostalo utworzone w Laboratorium Informatyki Bajanie (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory as tudziez replacement for Computer Information, MIT/LCS), z pomoca agencji "Agencji Zaawansowanych Obronnych Projekt?w Badawczych" (Defense Advanced Experiment with Projects Intermediation, DARPA), bedacej pionierem w rozwoju Internetu, tudziez Komisji Europejskiej. Az do konca 1994 r., jak calkowita wielkosc stron internetowych stanowila ulamek ich obecnej liczby, multum sposr?d znanych dzis stron bylo juz uruchomionych, tudziez czesc sposr?d nich moglo stanowic inspiracje gwoli wielu wsp?lczesnych serwis?w internetowych.
Dzieki polaczeniu sposr?d Internetem, na calym swiecie zaczely powstawac serwery WWW, tworzac og?lnoswiatowe standardy nazewnictwa domen internetowych. Od czasu tamtej pory Berners-Lee odegral wielce aktywna lines w nadawaniu kierunku rozwoju standard?w sieciowych (takich jak np. jezyki znacznik?w, w kt?rych okolica internetowe sa tworzone), i w ostatnich latach opowiada on o swojej wizji Semantic Web. Domain Encyclopaedic Snare, dzieki latwemu az do opanowania interfejsowi obslugi, aktywnie rozpowszechnia informacje wewnatrz posrednictwem Internetu – tym samym odgrywa istotna r“le w jego popularyzacji – wzdluz, ze te dubel pojecia sa czesto mylone w powszechnym uzyciu: World Deviant Web nie jest calym Internetem, i zaledwie pewna zastosowanie zbudowana na jego bazie.
Cosmos Encyclopaedic Web zas Internet
Okreslenia: Delighted Broad Network i Internet sa czesto stosowane zamiennie w zyciu codziennym. Chociaz Men Considerable Net natomiast Internet nie sa jednym a tym samym. Internet owo og?lny technique polaczonych ze soba sieci komputerowych. W przeciwienstwie do Web, kt?ra jest jedna z uslug dzialajacych w Internecie. WWW jest zbiorem powiazanych ze soba zasob?w oraz dokument?w, polaczonych hiperlaczami natomiast URL-ami. Tresciwie m?wiac, Web jest aplikowanie dzialajaca w Internecie. Przegladanie stron internetowych WWW z reguly rozpoczyna sie ewentualnie od chwili wpisania adresu okolica w przegladarce internetowej, badz przez opowiesc linku az do tej strony czy tez linku do konkretnego zasobu. Nastepnie przegladarka wysyla do serwera WWW, na kt?rym zlokalizowana jest strona, sekwencja niewidzialnych gwoli nas zapytan, tak aby p?zniej pobrac zawartosc danej okolica zas wyswietlic ja na ekranie monitora.
Na poczatku tytul serwera (czesc adresu URL) jest dekodowana na adres IP wewnatrz pomoca globalnej, rozproszonej bazy danych znanej jak Kingdom Label System (DNS). Adres IP jest niezbedny, by m?c polaczyc sie z danym serwerem. Przegladarka nastepnie wywoluje wiadomy rezerwa, wysylajac zapytanie az do serwera okreslonego powyzszym adresem. W przypadku typowej okolica internetowej, przegladarka najprz?d pobiera jej wyklady HTML, analizuje go oraz nastepnie wysyla watpliwosc o reszte element?w wchodzacych w jej sklad (zdjecia, grafika, dzwieki, video, animacje). Statystyki mierzace popularnosc stron na og?l sa oparte o liczbe odwiedzin jednakze r?wniez o liczbe wyslanych na serwer zapytan, kt?re mialy miejsce.
Podczas pobierania plik?w z serwera WWW, przegladarki moga ostroznie skladac strone na ekranie w podejscie okreslony za pomoca jego kod komputerowy HTML, CSS albo inne jezyki skryptowe. Wszelkie zdjecia tudziez inne zasoby sa wlaczane do okolica, kt?ra uzytkownik widzi na ekranie. Wiekszosc stron internetowych zawiera hiperlacza umozliwiajace bezposrednie przechodzenie az do innych stron sposr?d nimi powiazanych, gotowych plik?w, kt?re mozna pobierac, dokument?w zr?dlowych, definicji oraz innych zasob?w internetowych. Taki klasa przydatnych material?w powiazanych ze soba w ciagu posrednictwem laczy hipertekstowych, nazwano "siecia informacji". Udostepniajac te zac w Internecie, Tim Berners-Lee nazwal ja w listopadzie 1990 roku "Far-out Fully Spider's web" (poczatkowo "WorldWideWeb", tymczasem ?w zapis zostal p?zniej odrzucony).
Jakie korzysci przynosi WWW
WWW (lub coraz kr?cej: W3) jest realizacja idei nieograniczonego swiata informacji. Na jej powodzenie, pomijajac samym Internetem jako fizycznym nosnikiem, skladaja sie, przede wszystkim, nastepujace elementy:
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) – hipertekstowy jezyk znacznik?w, zrozumialy dla kazdej przegladarki, sluzacy formatowaniu zawartosci strony internetowej;
Hypertext Shift Protocol (HTTP) – protok?l lacznosciowy uzywany do przesylania stron internetowych;
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) – sample identyfikatora zasob?w w Internecie.
Prefiks WWW
Wiele adres?w internetowych zaczyna sie od czasu "www" ze wzgledu na dlugoletnia praktyke nazywania host?w internetowych (serwer?w) zgodnie sposr?d uslugami, kt?re oferowaly. Miano hosta gwoli serwera Net to najczesciej www, ano gdy ftp dla serwera FTP azaliz news lub nntp w celu serwer?w informacyjnych Usenet. Te nazwy host?w ukazuja sie, jako subdomeny w Sphere Choose Way (DNS), podczas gdy w przykladzie www.example.com. Aplikowanie takich subdomen nie jest wymagane. Gl?wny na swiecie serwer Entanglement nazywal sie nxoc01.cern.ch, a masa stron internetowych istnieje bez prefiksu WWW, badz innych takich gdy "www2" , "secure" itp. Prefiksy subdomen nie maja zadnego praktycznego znaczenia, sa to z reguly nazwy nadane za pomoca administrator?w. Bez liku serwer?w internetowych jest no skonfigurowanych, tak aby korzystac sposr?d obu wersji adresu, r?wniez samej domeny () jak tudziez z subdomena (). W praktyce kieruja one uzytkownika dokladnie do tej samej strony.
W przypadku wpisania ale wrecz jednego specyficznego slowa w pasku adresu przegladarki, np.: apple , openoffice aplikowanie sama spr?buje dodac prefiks www oraz konc?wke np.: ".com", ".org" czy tez ".net" natomiast przekieruje nas np. na strone "", jednakowoz . Funkcje te zostaly wprowadzone we wczesnych wersjach przegladarki Mozilla Firefox (znanej ponizej roboczym tytulem Firebird) na poczatku 2003. Firma Microsoft otrzymala w 2008r clear w USA na owo samo rozwiazanie z tym, ze lecz wciaz w odniesieniu az do urzadzen mobilnych.
Przedrostki "http://" natomiast "https://" nalezy rozr?zniac. Hypertext Carry Formality (HTTP) zas HTTP Steady wyznaczaja protok?l komunikacyjny, kt?ry ma zostac uzyty do wysylania zas pobierania zawartosci strony. Protok?l HTTP jest podstawowym elementem dzialania struktury www natomiast HTTPS dodaje niezbedna warstwe ochronna w przypadku, gdy poufne informacje, takie podczas gdy hasla azaliz dane bankowe maja byc przesylane w publicznej sieci Internet. Przegladarki internetowe r?wniez automatycznie dopisuja ?w atmosphere (HTTPS), jesli zostanie jego osoba pominiety. Globalny szkic RFC 2396 okreslajacy postac adres?w internetowych to: ://?# , gdzie owo np. serwer internetowy (jak www.example.com) zas sciezka identyfikuje konkretna podstrone. Serwer przetwarza , kt?re moze np. w ciagu posrednictwem formularza wyslac dane do zewnetrznej wyszukiwarki, przez owo zawartosc wyswietlanej strony jest zalezna od czasu odebranych informacji zwrotnych. nie jest wysylany az do serwera. Okresla kt?ra czesc okolica ma byc wyswietlana uzytkownikowi domyslnie.
W jezyku angielskim www wymawiane jest za pomoca pojedyncze powiedzenie ciagu znak?w (double-u double-u double-u). Niekt?re kregi uzytkownik?w wymawiaja dub-dub-dub, jednak ten metoda nie jest jeszcze nazbyt powszechny. Angielski pisarz Douglas Adams zazartowal kiedys w "The Voluntary jego osoba Sunday (1999): "Everyone Wide Cobweb jest z tego co wiem jedynym wyrazeniem kt?rego skr?cona rodzaj jest trzy razy dluzsza od pelnej". Okreslenie World Extreme Cobweb jest powszechnie tlumaczone na jezyk chinski jako: waxen wei wang, co doslownie oznacza "mn?stwo wymiar?w sieci". Tlumaczenie owo bardzo porzadnie odzwierciedla koncepcje projektu oraz zalozenia WWW. Tim Berners-Lee zdefiniowal, iz wyrazenie Society Deviating Net powinno byc pisane w charakterze 3 osobne slowa bez zadnych dodatkowych lacznik?w.
Prywatnosc
Uzytkownicy komputer?w, kt?rzy oszczedzaja okres a pieniadze, oraz takze ci, kt?rzy poszukuja wygody zas rozrywki, sa narazeni na utrate prywatnosci w sieci. Na calym swiecie nad p?l miliarda os?b korzysta z serwis?w spolecznosciowych, tudziez mlodziez dorastajaca w dobie Internetu dokonuje kolejnej zmiany pokoleniowej. Sposr?d Facebooka, poczatkowo rozpowszechnionego posr?d amerykanskich student?w, korzysta dzis powyzej 70% uzytkownik?w sposr?d innych panstw niz USA. W 2009 roku na portalu uruchomiono trial nowych narzedzi, umozliwiajacych przystosowanie ochrony prywatnosci, jednakze na odwr?t 20% uzytkownik?w rozpoczelo korzystanie sposr?d nich. Notwithstanding serwisy wykorzystuja czesc powierzonych im danych uzytkownik?w az do cel?w reklamowych. Osoba korzystajaca sposr?d Internetu ma mozliwosc usuniecia historii przegladanych stron, zablokowania niekt?rych ciasteczek (cookies) tudziez wyskakujacych okienek, niemniej jednak nie zapewnia to pelnej ochrony prywatnosci.
Bezpieczenstwo
Siec Network stala sie otwarta rozwiazanie dla przestepc?w rozprzestrzeniajacych zlosliwe aplikacja. Cyberprzestepczosc prowadzona w internecie moze skladac sie sposr?d kradziezy tozsamosci, oszustw, szpiegostwa i gromadzenia poufnych informacji. Polaczenie z internetem przewyzsza tradycyjne zagrozenia w celu bezpieczenstwa danych przetwarzanych w poblizu pomocy komputera, natomiast podczas gdy szacuje Google, okolo jedna na dziesiec stron internetowych moze zawierac zlosliwy kod komputerowy. Wiekszosc atak?w opartych na sieci Trap odbywa sie sposr?d poziomu legalnych stron internetowych, i najczesciej, gdy szacuje firma Sophos, ataki sa prowadzone w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Chinach Kreator stron www zas Rosji. Najpowszechniejszym typem zagrozen jest SQL injection. Za pomoca jezyka HTML i URI siec Network zostala r?wniez narazona na ataki, takie kiedy cross-site scripting (XSS), kt?re pojawily sie pospolu sposr?d wprowadzeniem JavaScript, nastepnie zostaly rozszerzone do pewnego stopnia dzieki Cobweb 2.0 a Ajax, uzywajace duzych ilosci skrypt?w. Dzis szacunkowo 70% wszystkich stron internetowych jest niezabezpieczonych przed atakami XSS.
Archiwizacja stron WWW
Z bezzwlocznie czasu masa zasob?w publikowanych w Internecie zanika, zostaje przeniesionych, zaktualizowanych badz calkowicie zmienia sie ich zawartosc. Owo sprawia, ze niekt?re odnosniki staja sie przestarzale. Okresla sie je w tamtym czasie mianem "martwych odnosnik?w" (ang. dead links). Stew ?w spowodowal, ze podjeto dzialania zaradcze, oraz np. Internet Archive, dzialajace od momentu 1996 roku, jest w tej chwili w najwiekszym stopniu znana instytucja zajmujaca sie archiwizacja zasob?w Internetu.
Standaryzacja
Funkcjonowanie World Wide Network w Internecie oraz obocznosc informacji pomiedzy komputerami opiera sie na wielu standardach natomiast specyfikacjach technicznych. Duza czesc tych dokument?w to opracowania Superb Encyclopaedic Entanglement Consortium (W3C), kierowanego za pomoca Berners'a-Lee, zas niekt?re sposr?d nich sa dzielem Internet Engineering Upbraid Soldiers (IETF) natomiast innych organizacji.
Gdy wspominamy o standardach internetowych najczesciej mamy az do czynienia z nastepujacymi publikacjami:
Zalecenia W3C dla jezyk?w znacznik?w, zwlaszcza HTML zas XHTML. Okreslaja whole struktury interpretacji dokument?w hipertekstowych.
Zalecenia W3C w celu arkuszy styl?w, zwlaszcza CSS.
Standardy ECMAScript (zazwyczaj w formie JavaScript), z ECMA International.
Zalecenia W3C dotyczace modelowania dokument?w obiektowych.
Dodatkowe publikacje dostarczaja definicji innych podstawowych technologii stosowanych w Life Encyclopaedic Cobweb, min.:
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), kto jest uniwersalnym systemem odniesien az do zasob?w w Internecie, takich podczas gdy dokumenty hipertekstowe oraz obrazy. URI, czesto nazywane URL jest definiowane dzieki IETF RFC 3986 STD / 66: Invariable Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.
Protok?l HTTP, i ostro RFC 2616: HTTP/1.1 i RFC 2617: Autoryzacja HTTP, kt?re okreslaja, gdy przegladark
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